The Ruby: History, Power and Symbolism of the “King of Gemstones”

If the emerald embodies the depth of green, the ruby represents the very essence of red. For centuries, this gemstone has been linked to an imagery of power, passion and protection. Its colour, generated by the presence of chromium within corundum, is not merely an aesthetic feature, but the very foundation of its symbolic identity.

Since antiquity, the ruby has been regarded as the stone of rulers. In India it was known as ratnaraj, meaning “king of gemstones”, and was believed to contain the vital fire of the earth. Sanskrit texts describe its ability to protect its wearer, while warriors set it into their armour convinced it could render them invincible. This association with strength and vital energy accompanied the stone throughout Asian history.

For centuries, Burma, now Myanmar, represented the most legendary source. The mines of the Mogok Valley produced the most celebrated rubies ever extracted, distinguished by the fabled “pigeon’s blood” colour, a pure, saturated red with a slight fluorescence that gives the gem an almost living inner glow. These stones adorned crowns, thrones and royal insignia, becoming tangible symbols of dynastic authority.

In medieval Europe, the ruby took on a more spiritual dimension. It was believed to darken in the presence of danger or betrayal, acting as a protective talisman. For this reason, it was often mounted in signet rings, reliquary crosses and ecclesiastical jewels, where its red hue also evoked sacrifice and martyrdom.

With the Renaissance, the stone acquired a sentimental as well as political significance. Its intense red became a metaphor for ardent love and eternal fidelity, securing its place in ceremonial jewellery and matrimonial tokens within European courts. It became the gem of the heart, of vitality and of unbreakable bonds.

The modern era has consolidated its status within the world of high jewellery. Historic maisons and collectors have continued to favour Burmese origin rubies, especially those untreated by heat, now increasingly rare and highly sought after in the investment market.

At the same time, new sources have gained prominence. Mozambique, in particular, has reshaped global production balances, offering rubies of extraordinary saturation and clarity. Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Thailand also contribute with chromatic varieties ranging from vivid red to pinkish tones, expanding the gemological landscape available today.

Despite this plurality of origins, the myth of the ruby remains intact. More than a precious stone, it is a layered symbol that transcends empires, religions and cultures. It tells stories of battles, love affairs, coronations and dynasties.

A gem that reflects not only light, but the very history of human power.